Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production

U. of K. J. Vet. Med. Anim. Prod — 2023-01-12

Effect of Injection of Calcium Gluconate Solution on Fertility Traits of Postpartum Cross-Bred Dairy Cows in Khartoum, Sudan

Manal Sulum Sulieman — 2023-01-12

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous injection of a solution contains calcium gluconate, magnesium hypophosphite and glucose into cross-bred dairy cows during the early postpartum period (PPP) on the rates of the first service non-return (FSN) and repeat breeding (RB). A total of 150 cows were selected randomly and divided into treated cows (no. = 90); these were the cows that were subcutaneously injected with 100 ml of the solution, and untreated cows (no = 60); these were the control cows that were not injected with the solution. Based on the number of parities, treated and untreated cows were further subdivided into primiparous and multiparous cows to compose four experimental sub-groups: treated primiparous (no. = 15 cows), treated multiparous (no. = 75), untreated primiparous (no. = 10 cows) and untreated multiparous (no. = 50 cows). The duration of postpartum period (PPP), the days open (DO), the number of services per conception (NSP), the rates of the FSN and RB were determined for each sub-group. The results revealed significantly (P <0.0001) shorter PPP, DO and NSC, in treated multiparous and untreated primiparous cows compared to cows in the two other sub-groups. The rate of the FSN was higher (70.0%) in untreated primiparous cows and treated multiparous cows (64.0%) than the rates (16.0%) of this trait in untreated multiparous cows and treated primiparous cows (6.6%). The rates of RB were lower (0.0%) in untreated primiparous cows and treated multiparous cows (13.3%) than the rates in treated primiparopus cows (40.0%) and untreated multiparous cows (42.0%). The study concluded that subcutaneous injection of 100 ml of a solution contains calcium gluconate, magnesium hypophosphite and glucose during the early postpartum period could elevate the rate of the FSN and alleviate the rate of RB in multiparous cross-bred dairy cows, however; this treatment protocol had worsened the reproductive performance of primiparous cows. Further studies to measure the blood levels of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, glucose and other blood constituents related to fertility after postpartum subcutaneous injection of a solution contains calcium gluconate, magnesium hypophosphite and glucose are recommended

Quality of bovine preimplanted somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos compared to in vitro fertilized embryos

Mohamed Sayed Mohamed Nour — 2023-01-12

Abstract

The in vitro preimplantation developmental potential and the quality of blastocysts produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) were examined compared to in vitro fertilized embryos (IVF). SCNT embryos were reconstituted from small and medium size donor cumulus cells synchronized at the G0-G1 cell stage by serum starvation and electrically fused to metaphase II arrested enucleated oocytes. The cell cycle phase of the donor cells was confirmed at the G0-G1 by flow cytometric analysis. In vitro fertilized embryos were produced by incubating the mature cumulus oocyte complexes with motile spermatozoa for 18 h at 39°C under a humidified air with 5% CO_2.Presumptive zygotes were cultured to the blastocyst stage in modified synthetic oviduct fluid medium. The cleavage rate and the development to blastocyst were the same for both types of embryo. SCNT blastocysts were morphologically similar to the IVF ones without significant difference in their cell number.

Characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from Sudan by Multiplex PCR

M. B. Abdel Wahab — 2023-01-12

A multiplex PCR(mPCR) was used to examine isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from cases of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats in South Darfur State, Western Sudan. Using primers targeting the 16S rRNA, pld and rpoBgenes, electrophoresis of the DNA of the isolates showed homogeneity of these targeted genes. The mPCR could be used for rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease in sheep and goats which may help in its control.

Bacterial Contamination of Sheep Carcasses in El-Kadroo Slaughterhouse in Khartoum State, Sudan

Nidal I. M. A — 2023-01-12

This study aimed to determine bacterial contamination on sheep carcasses at El-Kadroo slaughterhouse in Khartoum State, Sudan. The study was conducted during the period from January to April 2016. Ninety swab samples were collected from three sites of sheep carcass including shoulder, flank and rump (30 samples from each site) after the last washing. The total viable count (TVC) was used to assess bacterial contamination. Isolation and identification of the bacteria performed by using standard bacteriological and biochemical methods. Samples taken from the three parts had the highest TVC of 4.93x10⁸ cfu⁄cm²for flanks, 2.1x10⁸ cfu⁄cm² for shoulder and 6.3x10⁷ cfu⁄cm² for rump respectively (P<0.021). Bacteria isolated from the samples were Staphylococcus spp.79 (37.7%), Bacillus spp. 56 (26.7%), Corynebacterium spp. 26 (12.4%), Klebsiella and Kurthia 7(3.3%), while Actinobacillus, Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Aerococcus spp., Nocardia spp., Eschericia, Nocardia and Pseudomonas spp. with isolation rate of 1to 6 (0.5 -2.9%) of which some may be pathogenic and of public health concern. Variations in TCV and various type of bacteria were observed at different sites of the sheep carcasses is an indication of low standards of handling practices from pre-slaughter to post–slaughter, abattoir facilities, and equipments

Application of Conventional Reverse Transcription (RT) Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for Detection of African Horse Sickness Virus Serogroup

Siham T. Karamalla — 2023-01-12

A conventional reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of African Horse sickness virus serogroup in cell culture was developed and evaluated. The sensitivity of the assay indicated that the RT-PCR produced a 240- base pair (bp) PCR product from all 9 serotypes of AHSV propagated in cell cultures. The specificity of the assay indicated that the PCR products were not amplified when the RT-PCR was applied to RNA from other related orbiviruses including Blue tongue virus (BTV) serotype 1, 2, and 4; Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 1 and 2; Sudanese isolates of palyam viruses and total nucleic acid extracts from uninfected Vero cell control. The African horse sickness virus RT-PCR assay should be used as a rapid method for detection of AHSV RNA in cell culture. In addition, the assay could be optimized for rapid detection of AHSV in clinical samples during an epizootic of the disease among susceptible equines

Effect of Different Management Patterns on Sheep under Range Conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan: 1 Ewes Reproductive Performances and Lamb Growth

S. A. Salah — 2023-01-12

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of modifying the traditional grazing practices on desert ewes reproductive performance and lamb growth in North Kordofan State, Sudan. Eighty ewes were divided into four groups with similar weight and age, and assigned randomly to four differed in management patterns. The groups were: GDW5 group (control) managed to emulate the traditional local practice; where the animals were grazed in morning and evening periods, kept under trees’ shade at noon and watered every 5 days. GNW3 group, animals were grazed in the nighttime kept under shade in the daytime and had watered every 3 days. GNW1 group, animals were grazed in the nighttime, kept under shade in the daytime and water access every 1 day. (GNW1+S) group, animals were grazed in the nighttime; kept under shade in the daytime, watered every day, and supplemented with concentrated. During the breeding season, all ewes were allowed to mate with rams. Lambs born were weaned after 4 months. Then raised for 2 months, during which lambs of each group was managed similar to their dams. The results showed that pregnancy and lambing rates were 85% in GDW5 group (traditional management), increased significantly to 95% in GNW3 group, and to 100% in GNW1 and GNW1+S groups. The litter size also increased from 1.0 in GDW5 group to 1.10, 1.05 and 1.45 for GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S groups, respectively with significant differences among the different groups. Lamb loss percentage was 25% in GDW5 group and decreased significantly to 5% in GNW3 and GNW1 groups, and to 0 % in GNW1+S group. Birth, weaning, and final weights were significantly affected by management pattern. GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S groups had 30.5%, 39.1%, and 73.9%, respectively heavier birth weight than the control group. The weaning weight increased by 28.9%, 34.4%, and 43.6 % in GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S respectively, compared to that of the control group. Whereas, the increment in final weight was 21.1%, 25.7%, and 30.0% for GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S respectively, compared to control group. In conclusion, sheep night grazing with water access within short intervals improved reproductive performance, decreased lamb’s mortality rate and increased birth and weaning weights. Night grazing and daily watering sheep plus supplementation had dramatically effects in increasing in the number of litter size, birth and weaning weights and reduced mortality rate. Lambs after weaning can maintain good growth performance without supplementation when a high-quality pasture was available.

Evaluation of the potential of freeze dried ram testes on masculinization and growth performance of Nirwana fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Seazar K. M — 2023-01-12

This study aimed to evaluate the potentiality of freeze–dried ram testes (FDRT) on growth performance and masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 1296 fry (1 day old) were randomly allocated to 27 experimental aquaria. The metabolizable energy concentration (ME) and crude protein percentage (CP) of the diet were 20.08 MJ/Kg and 45%, respectively. The experimental treatments were freeze-dried ram testes (FDRT) at different concentration levels of hormone 30, 60 and 90 ng/ml. Diets were randomly distributed among the experimental treatment aquaria using completely randomized design. The fry fed three times per day at a fixed rate of 20% body weight. Water parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and ammonia) were measured and recorded every week. The result of water parameters was within the recommended range for fish rearing. The total body weight was measured and recorded every week. The fry fed with freeze-dried ram testes 90ng/ml obtained the highest growth rate with mean 0.022 followed by fry fed with 60, 30 ng/ml and control group, with means 0. 020, 0, 019 and 0.016, respectively. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) among the different treatments. Results revealed that Nile tilapia fry fed with 90ng /ml FDRT gave the highest percentage of a male population with mean 75.55 ± 2,22%, followed by fry fed 60, 30ng/ml FDRT and control group; with means 71.11 ± 5.87, 60.00 ± 3.85and 55±5.87%, respectively.

Microbial Load of Mish during Storage Period at Retailers’ Shops in Khartoum State, Sudan

Mazza A. E. Barakat — 2023-01-12

Mish is traditional fermented milk that might be consumed alone or with the meals. Currently mish is produced by different dairy companies and stored in groceries for a period of 21 days (shelf life) in a condition, which might affect its microbiological load. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of storage period on the microbiological load of mish collected from three different dairy companies (C1, C2 and C3). Ten samples of mish were collected from each company during day 2 and day 20 randomly from groceries for microbiological evaluation (total viable bacteria, coliform and yeast and mold counts). The microbiological analysis results showed that log total viable bacterial count (6.120) and coliform count (5.872) revealed non-significant (P>0.05) differences between those companies. The total viable bacteria and coliform showed log 6.090 and log 5.858 for mish samples collected during day 2 respectively, while the respective values were log 6.149 and 5.886 for mish samples during day 20. Yeast and mold counts showed highly significant differences (P<0.001) between mish producing companies, which recorded a mean of log 5.326. Also it increased from day 2 (log 5.034) to day 20 (log 5.619) during the storage periods. This study remarked that there were variations between and within mish producing companies in their microbial properties. This might be related to the variations of raw materials, the processing methods and the storage conditions in retailers. Hence this study recommended consumption of fresh mish, in addition the methods of its preservation should be considered

Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil Combined with Coconut Milk on the Quality of Chilled and Frozen-Thawed Bull Semen

Tarig — 2023-01-12

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) combined with coconut milk (CM) on chilled and frozen–thawed quality parameters of bull sperm. Twenty four semen samples were collected from four bulls. Samples were diluted in Tris extender containing 0% (control only 3% CM) in Tris-base extender), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% VCO mixed with 3% CM and 20% egg yolk (group B). Extended samples were divided into two fractions, one was chilled at 4°C for 24, 72 and 144 hours and the second fraction packed into 0.25 ml straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen for 7 and 14 days. Subsequently, chilled samples and the straws were thawed and evaluated for sperm motility by Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer (CASA), viability, acrosome integrity, morphology (eosin-nigrosin) and membrane integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test). Higher (p < 0.05) percentage of sperm parameters was observed in the positive control group in chilled semen, followed by 8% VCO compared to the other concentrations of the VCO. There was no significant difference in morphology between positive control and all other treatment groups in chilled or frozen-thawed semen. The positive control group was higher in all sperm parameters measured when compared with treated groups in frozen-thawed semen. In conclusion the results showed that the mixture of VCO with coconut milk applied in this study could not maintain the function of bull sperm after chilled and frozen-thawed better than the positive control.

Phenotypic Characterization of Sudanese Watish Desert Sheep Ewes in the Blue Nile State, Sudan

Asma H.A. Osman — 2023-01-12

This study was conducted to generate baseline information on the phenotypic characteristics of Watish sheep breed and their production system which is a prerequisite step toward future conservation and improvements. One hundred and twenty sheep owners were selected on population density from six villages and interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire. Linear body measurements were taken, the data was classified according to age and sex then analyzed as a completely randomized setup using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that 83%, 11.9% and 4.8 % of the owners were full time livestock keepers, farmers and traders respectively. Sheep ranked top as most preferred species by owners (96.56%), goats came second (3%), cattle third (0.44%). The owner’s decision of selling animals was based on weight (91.7%), emergencies (5.6%) and age (2.8%), The most common disease problem was small ruminants plague (74%). The main constraints to sheep production activities according to respondents were availability of feed (42.9%), water (22.2%), diseases (31.7%), workers (1.6%), and security (1. 6%). The owners depended on natural range and agricultural by products as feed supplement during the dry season. Water was obtained from earth dug reservoirs (Hafirs) during the rainy season and from water yards during the dry season. Most sampled owners (94.3%) did not cross breed their Watish with another sheep breed while 5.7% said they did so. Most ewes dropped single lambs (87.9%) and 12.1% produced twins. The overall means of height at withers, body length, heart girth, tail length and neck length were 76.8cm, 68.9cm, 87.5cm, 73.2cm and 1.5cm respectively. The effect of parity was highly significant (P≤ 0.05) on heart girth while other traits were not significantly affected. The birth type significantly (P≤ 0.05) affected all traits except tail length. The study concluded that Watish has the potential to serve as a dam breed in a crossbreeding system with one of the large desert sheep breeds.

Analysis of the Productive and Reproductive Traits of Butana and Erashy Cows reared under households’ management system in Eastern Sudan

Musa A. M — 2023-01-12

The study was performed to assess the productive and reproductive performances of Butana and Erashy indigenous cows raised in semi-arid regions under households’ management system in Eastern Sudan. Data on (N = 477), Butana (n = 278) and Erashy (n = 199) cows were used. Field survey and structured questionnaire were used to collect data from (N = 115) households. Productive traits considered were, daily milk yield (DMY), lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), tri-mister lactation milk yield (beginning, middle and end) (TLMY)while, reproductive traits included age at sexual maturity (ASM), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and services per conception (SPC). General Linear Model (GLM) procedures, Univariate analysis of variance with various in-dependent effects (in-put variables) and observations on productive and reproductive traits as dependent effects (out-put variables) from the studied animals were described by the analytical mathematical linear model. The overall mean DMY, LMY, ASM, AFC, CI, and SPC were estimated to be 10.32 ± 0.16 liters, 1498.40 ± 28.65 liters, 6.75 ± 0.05 months, 3.17 ± 0.06 liters, 6.80 ± 0.11 liters, 45.05 ± 0.01 months, 49.16 ± 0.07 months, 18.18 ± 0.10 and 1.35 ± 0.01 respectively. Cattle ecotype highly significant (p ˂ 0.001) affects daily milk yield (DMY), lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), (beginning and middle) tri-mister lactation milk yield (TLMY), age at sexual maturity (ASM), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and services per conception (SPC).Parity number significantly (p ˂ 0.05) affects daily milk yield (DMY), lactation milk yield (LMY) and age at sexual maturity (ASM) and not significantly (p > 0.05) affects lactation length (LL), end tri-mister lactation milk yield (ETLMY), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and services per conception (SPC).Improving production system, management factors as well as reproductive efficiency is required for optimal reproduction and lactation performance for Butana and Erashy cattle ecotype under their production conditions. From the estimates of variables, productive and reproductive traits have a good potential for selection in this study.

The Effect of Ambient Temperature and Dietary Nucleotide Supplementation on Tonic Immobility Reaction on Broiler Chicken

Mohammed Salah — 2023-01-12

The purposes of this experiment were to study the effect of three different environmental conditions (hot, cool, and natural) in the chicken behavior as indicated by duration of tonic immobility, and the role of dietary nucleotide supplementation on elevate the stress. A total of 135 unsexed commercial chickens at fourteen-day of age were divided into three different environmental conditions; hot environment (H) with ambient temperature 32±1°C, comfortable environment (C) with ambient temperature 23 ±1°C, and natural environment (N). The chicken in every environment condition received a basal diet supplemented with three levels of nucleotide (0 g/kg) as a control group (T0), T1; 1 g/kg, and T2; 0.5 g/kg. Birds were fed ad libitum until slaughter at 35 days. The duration of tonic immobility was evaluated two times on age 25 day and 34 day. The result of this study revealed that chicken reared under natural environment temperature increase the duration of tonic immobility compare with chicken's rear under hot and comfortable environmentcondition. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that the supplementation of dietary nucleotide has no effect on reducing the stress behavior.