Published by the Faculty of Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Khartoum.
Faculty of Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Khartoum
Books and Graduation Research Projects Reviews
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2021 Sudan Geographical Journal
GIS applications in science and engineering research: Case study of the Graduate College University of Khartoum
New trends and developments in science and research urged not less than many disciplines, such as science and engineering, to revisit their methods and practices to become more IT-oriented and spatially referenced by using Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS). GIS, as a geo-technology/science, is one of the most growing three professions in the recent decades besides bio and Nano technologies. Currently, universities and enterprises, to inject advanced spatial analysis and modelling methods and tools in their disciplines and projects, are increasingly demanding GIS. GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. The technology works on different levels and sizes of databases and uses various types of tools and models to obtain results usable in research, applications and decision support. This paper aims first at previewing the different practices and applications of GIS and related geo-technologies in science and engineering research. With some examples from the literature, this paper will explain where and how GIS tools are applied. The tools and operations may include spatial statistics, spatial modelling, mapping and tracking, georeferencing and geo-coding, digital elevation modelling (or 3-D analysis) and network analysis. The second objective of this paper, however, is to urge and draw attention of graduate and research students in science, engineering and environmental fields in University of Khartoum to the application of spatial technology in their thesis’ works. As thesis topics are varying, the use of GIS technology data management, spatial analysis and result presentation, will no doubt, develop and improve the graduate's studies and practice in these vital fields for better living conditions and sustainable development in the Sudan. To achieve its objectives, the paper relied on data from Basic Sciences and Engineering Studies Board (BSESB) master and doctoral theses and abstracts during the period 2000-2011. In addition, applications published in relevant professional journals, web sites, symposia, engineering solution firms, and consulting agencies are examined. Results show that a few postgraduate researches in the University of Khartoum have used GIS and spatial technology and analysis in the field of science, engineering and environmental studies during the period. The reasons are many. They include, to mention some, unawareness, incapability, or lack of concern by the postgraduates about this very vital geo-technology and its spatial analysis and modelling functions.
Remote Sensing for Detection and Assessment of Forests and Range Lands Degradation in Al-Halba Area White Nile State Sudan (1973-2014)
This paper attempts to detect the change in forests and range lands in the arid lands of the Sudan in general, and in Al-Halba Area in particular during the last 40 years (1973-2014). The main objective of the study is to measure the amount and rate of change in vegetation cover including both forests and grazing lands. Basically, the study is based on Remote Sensing of satellite imagery of Landsat data acquired in 1973 and 2014. The data were processed and analyzed using open sources of GIS and remote sensing software. In addition, the complementary data needed for the study were drawn from the field work conducted in October, 2015, and from secondary sources. The analysis revealed considerable deterioration of natural resources including the tree cover and range lands in the study area. One of the main findings of the study revealed that, forests have been degraded from (33512.72 Ha.) in 1973 to (10508 Ha.) in 2014, with an annual removal rate of 1.67% or (561 Ha). During this period, the area loss was about 70% of the tree cover. The range lands also shrank from (60665.84 Ha) to (52455.2 Ha) with an annual rate of 0.33% or (200 Ha) during the same period. The decrease in forest cover occurred as the result in the expansion of some land uses and bare lands (agriculture, settlements, and bare soil), they expanded from (12924.5 Ha) in 1973 to (44819.75 Ha) in 2014, with an annual growth rate of 1.7% or (779 Ha). The main reasons of degradation of natural resources and expansion of bare lands may be due to the rapid growth of population which stands for about 3% annually and to the increasing demand for more land for agriculture and the building of settlements. The removal of forests and range lands has disturbed the inherited ecosystems, and contributed to desertification and loss of fauna and flora in the area. Efforts from both authorities and people should be exerted to promote awareness and actions on conservation of forest and range land ecosystems.
Land Use Transformation, Conflict and Rural Poverty in the Rain Lands of Sudan
This paper explores the links between changes in land use, local level conflicts and rural poverty on the rain lands of Sudan during the last four decades. The paper departs from the premises that the rapidly accelerating and unplanned changes in land use have been a major source of local level conflict and rural poverty on the rain lands of the country. The study was based on primary data collected through consultation meetings and focused group discussions with communities and their social institutions supported by available secondary data. The study concluded that the large scale land acquisition, due to many causes such as the expansion of semi mechanized farming the rapid investments (especially in the agribusiness and mining sectors), the secession of South Sudan. All these causes which happen under conditions of land degradation, accelerated growth in humans and livestock population, climate change and the weakened environmental governance have heightened the demand and competition for access to land, leading, thus to various forms of inequalities, violence, human insecurities and institutionalization of rural poverty.
Impact of Climate Change and Variability on Distribution of Elephants at Serengeti National Park (SNP), Tanzania (1986-2014)
This study assesses the impacts of climate change and variability on the population distribution of elephants at the Serengeti National Park (SNP). Specifically, the objectives of the study were to: i. Identify major zones affected by climate change and variability in the Serengeti National Park, ii. Determine the distribution pattern of elephants at different selected intervals in the Serengeti National Park, iii. Establish the relationship between the annual variation in rainfall and temperature with the distribution pattern of elephants in the Serengeti National Park. Information was obtained by using focus group discussion, key informant interview, participant observations PRA and structured household questionnaire covering 104 to be sampled respondents. Qualitative information was analyzed using content analysis which is a set of methods for analyzing the symbolic content of any communication. Quantitative data from household surveys were processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that 70% of respondents mentioned drought as an indicator of climate change. Other indicators mentioned were seasonal variation in rainfall, increasing air temperature, sunshine intensity and floods. The consequences of climate change include floods, droughts, extreme weather, and declining agricultural production which affects everyone as the agriculture is the main occupation of the people in developing countries. The findings showed that 78% of the people have seen elephants in their farm area especially during dry season as they need water to drink and cool their massive bodies and they show a preference for riverine habitats because of the availability of abundant and high quality forage. The findings reveal that, 98% of the respondents have indicated an increase in elephant invasion in the neighborhoods of villages near the SNP. As the study has revealed a positive relationship between change in climate and movement of elephants into adjacent areas, it is recommended that the local communities should be educated about climate change to improve adaptation to live. Activities being carried out with villagers adjacent to protected areas are compatible with conservation and one should also look into reviewing or maintaining the existing wildlife corridors in order to reduce human wildlife conflicts.
Influence of Globalization and Urbanization on the Structure of Food Systems in Greater Khartoum, Sudan
The structure and dynamics of the food system in Greater Khartoum have gone through massive changes as a result of the processes of urbanization and globalization made headway especially during the early nineties which witnessed the oil boom in Sudan. Revenue from oil trade stimulated the economy and opened the Sudan to the energetic forces of globalization. However, it is unfortunate that globalization and urbanization took their course in an ill-advised and amorphous economic system and an ailing economic performance with widespread corruption and favouritism. The ultimate result was the widening of income gap putting more burdens on the poor segments of society who can aspire only for the bare minimum. To what extent these processes have influenced the food system in Greater Khartoum is embedded in the mutual interplay of many factors which can be conceptually framed in the form of a equidistant triangle whose sides represent, respectively, food availability, food affordability and food accessibility. It is assumed that any shifts in the dimensions of any one of these sides can lead to distortions in the form of the triangle. Many of the inherent negative factors are highly related to the prevalent political and economic systems.
Climate Change and Population Dynamics: A Conceptual Framework
The relationship between climate and the population basic parameters is a two-way relationship, each affecting the other. Climate change impacts mainly the livelihood of people. On the other hand, the impacts of people on climate are rather slow and cumulative, and can result in catastrophic levels, through the irrational use of the natural resource base if left unbarred. Climate change is a phenomenon of particular importance in developing countries, where the livelihood of people is based on environmental contributions. The problem with developing countries is not only environmental, but also low investment in all sectors of the economy including health, educational facilities and particularly lack of political will to cater for the poor and the disadvantaged. Most of the budget in these developing countries goes to the military expenditure leaving the little to human development. Key words:
عرض كتاب (السكان و الإقتصاد في السودان, 1884 الي 1956, دراسة في الهجرة و السياسات)
عوامل تدني الإنتاجية الزارعية بمشاريع النيل الأزرق (1970-2010م)
The factors behind the decline in productivity in the Blue Nile Agricultural Schemes. This study deals with main physical and human factors which impact productivity of the Blue Nile Agricultural Schemes. The importance of the study emanates from focusing attention on the economic and socio-cultural factors affecting the performance of the schemes. The objective of the study is to concentrate on the main factors which have contributed to the deterioration of productivity in the schemes. A number of research methodologies have been adopted including descriptive and analytical ones. Both primary and secondary sources of data have been tapped, gathered and analyzed using (SPSS). Most of the results of the study indicated a negative productivity since the establishment of the schemes to this day. Most of the problems related to agricultural inputs, irrigation, technical and managerial ones. All these problems have to be faced in a pragmatic way to change the status-quo by improving the financial, administrative and technical conditions. ,
الهجرات الداخلية والخارجية في السودان: مصادر المعلومات، الدوافع والآثار (1956-2015م)
This study has dealt with internal and external migration in Sudan, its causes, and impacts during the period 1956-2015. Emphasis has been shed upon migration concepts, sources of data and information and evaluation. The paper has depended on the various population censuses, population registers, migration sample surveys, along with meteorological information to detect the environmental causes of migration. The study showed that limitations of migration concepts and definitions in the country which has, in turn, its impact on the quality of migration aspects. The paper also revealed that there are huge out-migration streams from rural areas and small towns to big towns and cities, as Greater Khartoum has proved to be the major focus of in-migration to Khartoum State increasing from 14% in 1956 to 60% in 2008, and the majority of in-migrants were males. The paper equally, exhibited that the in-migrants to Khartoum State are predominantly from North Kordofan State (59%), followed by the Gezeria State (11.2), and South Kordofan (10.9%). Some of these major sending States experienced series of drought waves resulting in mass out-migration and emigration to abroad and reflected also on shortages in natural resources and the failure of the natural environment to meet population vital needs. This mass out-migration had its impact on the receiving areas, especially Khartoum States, where the basic infrastructure and social amenities have failed to cater for such mass in-migrations. This mass migration also has its impact on sex ratios, which resulted in lack of labour force in sending areas on both the agricultural and pastoral sectors. To mitigate the impacts of such migrations, the study has recommended the necessity for sustainable and balanced development between rural and urban areas. ,
تطور المدن السودانية: مستوى التحضر في السودان وانعكاساته الاقتصادية والاجتماعية (1955-2016)
The study deals with the present situation of the growth of Sudanese towns, in order to probe changes in their number and distribution. It depends on analyzing the various population censuses conducted during the period 1956-2016. The study has focused on trends of urbanization in the country, distribution of towns, their ranking and classifying them according to their population size. Grater Khartoum has emerged as the dominant city in the country, as its population has exceeded 6 million. Fourteen towns ranked as a second category with population more than 100,000 persons. The third category amounts to 50 towns, with some of them subjected to changes in their size during the intercensal periods. Considering urban growth rates the country has augmented from 8.3% of the total population in 1956 to 28.8% in the year 2008. This increase in urban growth is attributed mainly to development of road transport, amelioration of administrative and social services and to the increased population mobility. Darfur Region has attained the largest urban growth rate among the regions. This accelerating urban growth rates have their positive and negative impacts. Negative impacts are manifested by pressure on services and infrastructure, spontaneous settlements and urban sprawl over agricultural lands…etc. the study has concluded with some recommendations to mitigate negative consequences of urbanization. , ,
حصاد المياه السطحية و افاق تنمية وادي العوتيب, ولاية نهر النيل, السودان
This paper focuses on ways to develop Wadi Al Awateib basin, by means of water harvesting techniques. This endevour will hopefully lead to the heightening of economic and water potentials in the basin. Shedding the light on this matter will support the livelihood of man and his economic activities in the area. Animal herding and cultivation are some of the benificiaeries. In addition, tourism activities in an area adjacent to important archaeological area in the Sudan (Naqaa and Musawarat Alsafra sites) will be attractive to investors and developers in the field.
الطبيعة الجغرافية لصحاري شبه الجزيرة العربية في عصر البلايوستوسين
This Study aims at identifying the natural geographical conditions experienced in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula throughout the geological history. The study focuses on the Pliestoceme period which witnessed a drastic climate change and impacts on geographical nature of various land and sea surfaces in the region. A number of research methodologies such as the historical, inductive, regional, and descriptive were adopted. The study arrived at several conclusions of which the most important is that sand dunes were formed in several intervals during the period, Moreover, most of the Sand Seas in the Empty Quarter (Al Ruba Al Khali) and in Al Nafud Al Kabeer deserts were formed from silt sediments transported by winds form the lacustrine deltas, sea coasts, and outcrops of sedimentary rock.
انماط الكثافة العمرانية الرأسية في خارطة الخرطوم الهيكلية (2008-2033) وعلاقتها بالتحولات الإقتصادية و الإجتماعية بمدينة الخرطوم
This study is a prelude to the actual implementation of the structural map/plan of Khartoum (KPP5) (2008- 2033) concerning increasing the building-rise after decades of horizontal expansion. The idea of increasing the building-rise is dictated by the rapid up surge of population. Also land values the urban space has skyrocketed. Moreover, the continuous sprawl of the city horizontally has greatly increased the bill for providing the necessary infrastructure and other social and economic facilities. The change from the traditional one-story building to multistory accommodations has not been planned but rather dictated by the more recent needs of supply and demand. As such the new high-rise buildings did not conformation the laws and rules concerning this new development. Living in these new high-rise building has created considerable environmental, planning and socio-economic problems, verefy compelling the authorities to contemplate a new plan encompassing the new idea of high-rise buildings. This study is an attempt to look into the new structural plan considering the spatial and socio-economic ramifications.
النزاع حول الحدود السياسية بين السودان ودول الجوار
The objective of this study is to identify the border problems between Sudan and her neighbours. The study has revealed three types of border problems: hot or active problems with both Egypt and the state of South Sudan, dormant or sleeping borders with Ethiopia and somehow settled borders with Chad, Central Africa, Libya and Eritrea. The Study also revealed that border problems are often instigated by International powers to suit their objectives. The results of the study indicated that border problems gave foreign powers the pretext to intervene, particularly that such problems resulted in refugee Crisis. Political instability in the region has resulted in underdevelopment in all countries. The Study recommends that all countries concerned should concentrate on development rather than fight. Also all countries of the region should stop rather than aid foreign intervention and should resort to solving their border problems through dialogue under the umbrella of the African Union (AU).
Urban Environmentaland Socioeconomic Implicationsof Traditional Tanningin Omdurman City –Sudan
The aim of the present work is to investigate the occupational environment of traditional tanneries in Omdurman, their labourers socioeconomic characteristics, and their hazardous impacts on labourers and on the geographic neighborhood,aswell. Threesurveys were carried out during April 2011 among concerned labourers and administrations of tanneries, soil and refuse water weretestedandstages of traditional tanning and production are depicted. Results give daily production of 162 tons of tanned leather, and tanning of one ton of leather produces 53 cubic meter of refuse water which contains higher levels of chromium and sulphate exceeding recommended world standards. The internal environment of the tanneries lacks safety. Labourers are mainly from urban poor with an impoverished rural background. These implications are discussed within the national context of the Sudan, and the paper tries to recommend a model for the future alleviation of them.
The Geography of Desert Locust in Sudan; Depicting of Niches using Modis Satellite Images
Recent FAO reports have mentioned several outbreaks of Desert Locusts as putting large economically agricultural areas of the country at risk of environmental damage and socio economic disaster. Civil wars and financial constraints limited ground survey efforts. This study tested the hypothesis that the Desert Locust niches could be understood through serial satellite images. Such an understanding would aid in identifying priority areas for fast control. Data from satellite sources and Desert Locust occurrence data from Plant Protection Directory were integrated in GIS media. Change detection techniques using RS and GIS were applied. Results showed significant correlations were registered between metrological, edaphic, Vegetation and other Eco geographical parameters tested. Moreover predicted Desert Locust densities in the locust niches exceeded the FAO threshold value for ground spraying control. A Desert Locust vegetation damage risk map was produced to help decisionmakers through an early warning system for where and when control operations must take place.
Development, Ethnicity and Power Relations: Some Dominant Issues in the University Collaboration between Khartoum and Bergen
The collaboration between the Departments of Anthropology in the University of Khartoum and the University of Bergen has now lasted for over 50 years. Many schools of thought have left their mark on the development of the discipline in Khartoum. A number of issues related to development are of concern to the departments’ staff in Khartoum and their colleagues in Bergen. The major issues that dominate the theoretical and empirical contributions of the department members in Khartoum are development, ethnicity and power relations. When addressing these issues researchers have to invoke the history that shapes the country’s development. Opportunities to progress in development without falling in the ethnicity trap came and passed without the leading elite paying the necessary attention. Recently, the resurgence of ethnicity coupled with economic inequality and marginalization dominated the scene. Learning from experience and emphasizing issues related to development and peace are the major topics that engage the interested staff in both departments and other relevant institutions in Sudan and Norway.
Land use/cover Change Detection Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS (1984 - 2014) Case Study: Al-Ubayyid Area- Sudan
This study was conducted in the Al-Ubayyid Area in North Kordofan State (1985 to 2014), its aim was to assess the Land use/cover change using Remote Sensing and GIS technologies. A supervised (Maximum likelihood) method was implemented for land cover classifications. The overall results from the change detection report show a noticeable change in the land use classes during the study period of (1984 – 2014. During the period 1984 – 1994, there was a decrease of bare land 1 and vegetation, and a significant expansion of urban areas; this might go back to heavy migration of rural people to the city due to conflicts and drought. During (1994 – 2014), there was an observable loss of sand and water, and a gradual increase of vegetation; this might be attributable to intensive afforestation programs followed by the construction of the green belt of Al-Ubayyid area. During the period 1984 – 2014, there was a dramatic increase of bare land 2 and urban areas, and a decrease of bare land 1 and sand. The research concludes that urban growth has led the city to expand outward at the expense of vegetation cover and bare land. However, in the absence of wise; land management, serious land use problems will occur in the near future. This might negatively impact the ecosystems of the whole area of North Kordofan State. , ,
International Boundaries and the New World Order: An Islamic Perspective
Although the ideas of spheres of influence or 'hima' of tribal groups and that of frontier zones of separation between emerging kingdoms have existed since time immemorial, the concept of political or international boundaries in the form of lines of separation or demarcation between countries in modern times has been a European creation. Contrary to the European concept of political boundaries, Islam as an international religion, a religion for all mankind, and the Islamic Umma or 'nation' for that matter, did not consider the formulation of political boundaries in the form of strict lines of separation either internally among Islamic regions or externally between the Islamic 'super state’ or the state of the Caliphate epoch and her neighbours. The existing boundaries among Islamic countries have, however, been imposed by imperialist powers during the period of colonization. One of the cornerstones of European imperialist policies has been to 'divide and rule' or 'separate and dominate’. Accordingly, the once unified state of the Caliphate era has been subdivided by imperialist powers into a large number of smaller and presumably weaker states, many of which are at odds with one another (Riad 1986; Blake 1992; Saleh I 993). As it may be desired, for the sake of stability, to have a smooth relationship between neighbouring powers, historical evidence has pointed in many occasions to the reverse. Although tensions and disputes may breakout between neighbouring countries over various issues, the question of boundaries has always been the most contentious. This is why disputes over boundaries in many parts ot the world have in more recent years blown up into full-scale wars. The existing tensions over political boundaries witnessed throughout the developing world have to be sharply contrasted with the cancellation of boundaries among the highly developed countries of Europe and North America. In a way, the post-cold war period has so far been characterized by two opposing tendencies, namely, the fragmentation or “balkanization" and consolidation of nation-states. While the process of fragmentation ends by putting up more boundaries that of consolidation leads to the cancellation of boundaries. In a sense, the balance of power which was maintained during the cold war era gave way to an imbalance during the post-cold war period and has thrown the world into a deeper turmoil under the domination of a single superpower. To complicate the situation still further, the vacuum created by the defeat of enemy number one, communism, has according to western thinking, to be filled by a new foe, in this case Islam, so as to keep the idea of challenge to western civilization and values alive (Pinto I 999). Concerning the New World Order which the superpower wishes to impose, there are already signs that the so-called “Order” will ultimately give way to 'Disorder’. A New World Order based primarily on the hegemony of a single superpower is not likely to succeed because of the many inherent contradictions. To begin with, contradictions will simply arise from the clash between the interests of the superpower and those of the others. Equally the new policies of open boundaries and globalization of trade, which are being advocated by the world major powers, are being undermined by the recent tendencies of fragmentation and consolidation of nation-states.
ابن خلدون ومبدأ الاحتمالات في البحث التاريخي: حالة إرم ذات العماد
إن منهج ابن خلدون في التحقق من حوادث التاريخ (وكذلك ظواهره) يعتمد على المشاهدة وتواتر الأخبار الموثوقة منها واسباب حدوث الحدث أو الظاهرة .وقد وقف ابن خلدون, وكذلك الكثير من علماء المسلمين في تفسير ماورد في سورة الفجر من القرآن الكريم عن "ارم ذات العماد التي لم يخلق مثلها في البلاد" ., لم يعرف ابن خلدون إن كانت "إرم" مدينة او قبيمة ً فابتداء ولم تتوارد معلومات موثوقة منها عنها , كما لم يستوعب فكر ابن خلدون ماكان يتردد عن "ارم" انها كانت في صحراء الربع الخالي في جنوب الجزيرة العربية -وهي صحراء شديدة القحول- ولذلك فقد فسر ابن خلدون بأن "إرم" كانت قبيلة بدوية تسكن الخيام ذات الاعمدة الفارهة الطول وتتناسب مع اطوال السكان الفائقة (التي لم يخلق مثلها في البلاد) ولهذا لم يلجأ ابن خلدون لاي اهتمام يفسر الظاهرة بشكل أكثر قبولا. وفي عام 1984 اكشفت صور الرادارات الامريكية الحديثة ماتحت الرمال الجافة في تلك الصحراء واوضحت الصور وجود مدينة عظيمة ذات مباني لها أعمدة كبيرة إضافة إلى الاودية والطرق .وقد فسر العلماء ان تلك الصور تدل على آثار "إرم" التي كانت مدينة عظيمة لا مثيل لها" لم يخلق مثلها في البلاد" في ذلك الوقت. من الضروري الأشارة إلى أن منهج ابن خلدون لم يعتمد الاحتمالات (التي اصبحت جزءً مهماً من منهج البحث العلمي في كل العلوم الطبيعية والبشرية) في تفسير ظاهرة إرم ذات العماد أو الظواهر الأخرى, وهذا خطأ ربما يحسب عليه.
الآثار الاجتماعية للتعدين الأهلي للذهب بمنجم جبل عامر في محمية السريف- ولاية شمال دارفور، السودان
تناولت هذه الدراسة الآثار الاجتماعية للتعدين الأهلي(التقليدي) للذهب بمنجم جبل عامر بمحلية السريف- ولاية شمال دارفور، بهدف معرفة وتقيم الآثار الاجتماعية التي خلّفها تعدين الذهب على المجتمع بمنطقة الدراسة. إعتمدت الدراسة على المنهجين الإستقرائي والإستدلالي بإستخدام المدخلين الوصفي والتحليلي. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم جمع المعلومات والبيانات عن طريق الاستبانة والمقابلات الشخصية وملاحظة الباحث، وتقارير المؤسسات والمعلومات المكتبية المدونة. توصلت الدراسة لعدة نتائج أهمها مايلي: إن التعدين بجبل عامر على الرغم من عائده الإقتصادي الكبير على المواطنين إلا أنه خلّف آثاراً إجتماعية سيئة تمثلت في النزاع الذي راح ضحيته أكثر من 1300 قتيل ونزوح 15186 أسرة. ترجع الأسباب الرئسية للنزاع بالمنجم إلى التباين الثقافي بين المعدنين من أصحاب الأرض والوافدين وغياب القانون. كما أثّرَ التعدين والأحداث المصاحبة له على قيم المجتمع بدخول عادات وتقاليد لم تكن ضمن ثقافة المجتمع. أيضاً تأثر التعليم بصورة كبيرة من النشاط التعديني والنزاع الذي صاحبه من الدمار الذي لحق بالبنيات التحتية والتسرب الكبير وسط الطلاب والعاملين بالتعليم. وتوصي الدراسة بضرورة تفعيل القوانين المنظمة لعمليات تعدين الذهب بمنطقة الدراسة، وتنفيذ مخرجات مؤتمرات الصلح التي تمت بين الأطراف المتنازعة.
تأثير ملوثات الهواء على السكان في المجاوارت السكنية المتاخمة لمنطقة الخرطوم بحري الصناعية
تبحث هذه الدراسة عن تأثير ملوثات الهواء على السكان والمنازل والنباتات والسيارات في المجاورات السكنية المتاخمة لمنطقة الخرطوم بحري الصناعية ، إعتمدت الدراسة على المنهجين التجريبي والتحليلي الإحصائي ، تم جمع المعلومات من خلال إستبانة خاصة بسكان الأحياء المتاخمة لمنطقة الخرطوم بحري الصناعية وقياس تركيز بعض الغازات في الهواء المحيط بالمنطقة الصناعية حيث تم قياس تركيز أكسيد النتروجين (NO2X) وكبريتيد الهيدروجين(H2S) وأول أكسيد الكربون (CO) ومقارنتها بالمواصفة القياسية السودانية للهواء المحيط بالمصدر بالإضافة الى المراجع المتخصصة ، توصلت الدراسة الى أن ملوثات الهواء المنبعثة من المصانع تؤثر سلبا على صحة السكان بالمجاورات السكنية حيث أصيب 8.4% منهم بالأمراض الناتجة عن تلوث الهواء كما تلحق هذه الملوثات أضرارا بالمنازل وتتسبب في الإضرار بالنباتات والسيارات بدرجات متفاوته. خرجت الدراسة بتوصيات عدة من أهمها ضرورة مواصلة الأبحاث لمعرفة تأثير ملوثات الهواء على صحة السكان والكشف عن الأمراض المرتبطة بها وإجراء القياسات البيئية الدورية لنوعية الهواء المحيط بالمناطق الصناعية لمعرفة مدى الإلتزام بالمواصفات القياسية خاصة معايير منظمة الصحة العالمية بالإضافة الى تبني المصانع لإسلوب الإدارة البيئية المتكاملة القائم على الإنتاج الأنظف ومراعاة البعد البيئي في التخطيط للمدن الجديدة بحيث توطن الصناعة بعيدا عن الأحياء السكنية
Evaluation of Sudan's Experience with Foreign Urban Planning Consultancy:The Case of Greater Khartoum
The Sudan, like many other nations in developing countries, has sought consulting services in the field of urban planning. Frequently, in these countries there will be deficiencies in one or more of: technical ability, financial resources, governmental institutions, physical infrastructure, but more importantly, the countries own concept of urban planning and sense of the needs and the future of its people as expressed in the development plans, goals, means and objectives. However, due to lack of experience, foreign firms and consultants have been invited to participate in urban planning exercisein the Sudan. Therefore, Greater Khartoum witnessed the introduction of two large master plans guided and designed by foreign consultants; namely Doxiadis (1958) and Mefit (1974). This practice in the Sudan is of course a part of linkages between ex-colonies and the West in various consultancy fields, as well as in legal, administrative and educational/ training urban planning heritage. Foreign urban planning experience in the Sudan has proved that it is not germane to the solution of local urban planning problems. Although the planning concept and approach of the Doxiadis A.C.E. of Athens (1958) was different from that of Mefit S.P.A. of Rome (1974), the system of socio-economic, socio-spatial and techno –economic approach of the two plans were characterized by irrelevance to local conditions in which there is no governmental commitment to housing and welfare planning, and by formulation of plans by an exclusive technical sense.
Perspectives on the Contribution of Arabsand Muslims to Geography
Allah taught Adam the names of all things and places .That was surely the first piece of geographical knowledge passed by the Creator to the human race .In this respect of mankind on earth .In pre-Islamic Arabiathe Bedouins, who wandered across the Arabian deserts and who were active in the trade because of the strategic position of their homeland, had to rely on geographic knowledge to survive in the harsh desert environments. Some of their geographic heritage was portrayed in their poetry, indicating knowledge of trade routes, clouds and wind movements,landforms, water resources and place names. Theclear night skies gave the Arabs an early interest in astronomy. It wasrevealedin the Holly Quran, that the moon andthe stars were used to fix orientation in the vast barren deserts. With the rise and spread of Islam, 7thto 14thc.AD,Muslim geographic knowledge had increased considerably as a result of travel for religious and economic reasons. The Hajj or pilgrimage,which takes place once every year,gave Muslims the chance to exchange goals and ideas and to know about far away countries. Moreover, the Holly Quran which was revealedto the ProphetMuhammad, peace be upon him, more than fourteen centuries ago, is full of geographic signs including facts about the earth and the universe. There are indications in the Holy Book about the sphericity of the earth, the law of gravity and how the earth and the heavens were first created as one unit and then separated from each other, andhow the mountains were created to keep the isostatic balance between the major parts of the earth's crust .There is also reference in the Quran that the Universe has been expanding sinceits creation and that it might end up by contraction to its original form at the time of creation. This is a clear reference to what we call now the ''Big Bang Theory" and the future of the Universe. In the same way that Greek and Roman geographic knowledge was built on that of ancientcivilizations, Arabs andMuslims were able to build theirgeographic knowledge on their predecessors and made original contributions. Arab and Muslim leadership of would culture (7th-14th c.AD) in Spain (Andalusia) gave them theability to sow the first seeds of the European Renaissance. Arab and Muslim Geographers have contributed in a substantial way to all the present day branches of modern geography including geomorphology, oceanography,climatology, culturalgeography, urban geography, medical geography, cartographyas well asastronomy and surveying.
(الهجرة غير الشرعية بين متغيري الديموغرافيا والأمن المجتمعي(دراسة وصفية تحليلية
The study tackled Illegal immigration as a phenomenon of culture and thought that affects humanity during crises and troubles in which peace and security are missed. Immigration today has become an aspiration for many individuals in response to psychological, geomorphic, and geo-political factors irrespective of its religious, cultural, societal and economic implications. Consequently, immigration was found to have two paradigms: positive reconciliatory and a negative virtual type; in both types, the effect of immigration comes as a result of loss of security and stability. Theresearcher used the descriptive, historical and analytical methods to know the positive and negative effects of immigration.
دور الحكم اللامركزي في تنمية الخدمات الصحية بمحلية الدويم في الفترة من 1998-2017م
Thisstudy is an attempt to examine the Decentralization management and its impact on social development (health services)in Edueim Locality(1998 –2017). This study aims to determine the contribution of the Decentralization administrative unit in the promotion of health services in the Edueim district, The study adopted multi geographical approaches. The study found out that administrative unitscontribute to the promotion of health services considerably. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable decline in the level of health services resulting from weak follow-up, through its various department, Accordingly, the study recommended that there is a need to issue laws and adopt new administrative procedures by the local government to improveeffectiveness andintegration ofsocial development،also there is a need to provide sufficient financial resources for the operation and drainage of the health services, Health centers should be given a priority in services such as water supply and electricity in particular.In addition,primary health services in health centers need to be activatedand providedwith qualified cadresand improving the level of waste dumps and sanitation, Finally, health services in the locality require encouraging the past experience of model centers, activating good partnerships with civil society organizations.
السياحة البيئية في ساحل العقير بالمملكة العربية السعودية: الواقع والمأمول
Tourism industry has witnessed much of concern in the last decades due to its contribution to the economy of several countries. In this regard, The KSA paid much attention to this sector especially in its vision 2030. This study deals with the eco-tourism in Al-Ogeir area –Eastern Region-Saudi Arabia. The main objectives of the study are to identify the reality, obstacles, and the future of the tourism in the study area. To achieve its objectives, the study adopted a conceptual framework in context of different dimensions of eco-tourism. The study is based predominantly on fieldwork using questionnaire focusing on a random sample of (100) of Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University students, Department of Geography. Moreover, the study is based on secondary data from both published and unpublished sources. Furthermore, the study used the inductive approach and some quantitative techniques. The study showed that despite the attractive tourism ingredients in Al-Ogeir area, eco-tourism is far behind to achieve its objectives due to weak infrastructure, lack of services, environmental safety, and tourism awareness and guidance. The study has come out with that a comprehensive and appropriateplan should be adopted. Moreover, eco-tourism must be viewed from abroad perspective that constitutes environmental aspects, private investment, community partnership, training, and public facilities. This study will contribute to the ongoing debate on tourism and open rooms for further studies.
اختلال التنفس الغازي وعلاقته بالاختناقات والإصابات المرضية في الحرم المكي أثناء الحج: دراسة حالة الحجيج السودانيين
The research aims to find scientificand practicalsolutions to the problem of congestion to relating pathological disruption of breathing resulting from overcrowding during the pilgrimage in the Grand Holy Mosque in Mecca,conautrating on Sudanese pilgrims (hajjes). The investigation will deal with the core to carry out vital natural processes need to breathe inside the ecological space (Ecological niche) in the campus and the factors that influence breathing and combustion process, given that there are specific and natural gas ratio of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (Co2) in the inhaled air affecting decrease and increase in the gas exchange. The research deals with the assessment and discussion and analysis of the current status of the harm campus in terms of space the content of the gases and expansions that took place in different decades, focusing on the period (1406-1437h) (1985-2016),the analysis of data has revealed that is lack in the flow and renewal of the natural air, and a decrease in the oxygen ratio to below 13% and the increase in carbon dioxide to more of 6%, which led to an actual disruption in the gas exchange, resulting in the disturbance of the process of respiration and blood circulation leading to dizziness and injuries of the pathological respiratory center of the Hajjes.The results and recommendationsof the research pointed to the need forsupportingoxygen gas and decreasingcarbon dioxide, in addition to the need to arrange fornatural outlets forair flowto particularlyduring the Hajj.
سياسات الإسكان بالخرطوم الكبرى (1955-2016م)
The main objective of this paper is to study the residential density increase in Greater Khartoum and housing needs during the period (1955–2016). No study of population growth had been done in Greater Khartoum before Sudan Independence in 1956.Since then, the government authorities have exertedsignificant efforts in urban and architectural planning along three majordirections regarding the general city planning in Greater Khartoum.The article discusses the successive population growth in Greater Khartoum from (1955) until(2016), which had its negative impact on the distribution of residential lands in the Three Cities of Khartoum.The first housing policy was the Policy of Site and Services (1959), which was known as the Distribution of Housing Plans (First, Second and Third Class residents), but the lack of services left the area uninhabited and this is attributed to the fact that a large number of the inhabitants of the National Capital were unable to build their residences. This had led to a number of negative results such as the deterioration of the environmental health. After stopping this policy in (2005) there appeared some futurepolicies andstrategic solutions for solving the residential problem. Those included the distribution of residential lands with full services, known as the promoted residential lands, distributed at different costs according to site and service type. The other type of housing is that of the Housing and Construction Fund, which offers different types of housing such as popular, economic and investment.