Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production
The journal welcomes concise papers reporting original research work in all disciplines of veterinary medicine, animal production, natural resources, environmental sciences and related new scientific technologies
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production
The Effect of Ambient Temperature and Dietary Nucleotide Supplementation on Tonic Immobility Reaction on Broiler Chicken
The purposes of this experiment were to study the effect of three different environmental conditions (hot, cool, and natural) in the chicken behavior as indicated by duration of tonic immobility, and the role of dietary nucleotide supplementation on elevate the stress. A total of 135 unsexed commercial chickens at fourteen-day of age were divided into three different environmental conditions; hot environment (H) with ambient temperature 32±1°C, comfortable environment (C) with ambient temperature 23 ±1°C, and natural environment (N). The chicken in every environment condition received a basal diet supplemented with three levels of nucleotide (0 g/kg) as a control group (T0), T1; 1 g/kg, and T2; 0.5 g/kg. Birds were fed ad libitum until slaughter at 35 days. The duration of tonic immobility was evaluated two times on age 25 day and 34 day. The result of this study revealed that chicken reared under natural environment temperature increase the duration of tonic immobility compare with chicken's rear under hot and comfortable environmentcondition. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that the supplementation of dietary nucleotide has no effect on reducing the stress behavior.
Analysis of the Productive and Reproductive Traits of Butana and Erashy Cows reared under households’ management system in Eastern Sudan
The study was performed to assess the productive and reproductive performances of Butana and Erashy indigenous cows raised in semi-arid regions under households’ management system in Eastern Sudan. Data on (N = 477), Butana (n = 278) and Erashy (n = 199) cows were used. Field survey and structured questionnaire were used to collect data from (N = 115) households. Productive traits considered were, daily milk yield (DMY), lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), tri-mister lactation milk yield (beginning, middle and end) (TLMY)while, reproductive traits included age at sexual maturity (ASM), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and services per conception (SPC). General Linear Model (GLM) procedures, Univariate analysis of variance with various in-dependent effects (in-put variables) and observations on productive and reproductive traits as dependent effects (out-put variables) from the studied animals were described by the analytical mathematical linear model. The overall mean DMY, LMY, ASM, AFC, CI, and SPC were estimated to be 10.32 ± 0.16 liters, 1498.40 ± 28.65 liters, 6.75 ± 0.05 months, 3.17 ± 0.06 liters, 6.80 ± 0.11 liters, 45.05 ± 0.01 months, 49.16 ± 0.07 months, 18.18 ± 0.10 and 1.35 ± 0.01 respectively. Cattle ecotype highly significant (p ˂ 0.001) affects daily milk yield (DMY), lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), (beginning and middle) tri-mister lactation milk yield (TLMY), age at sexual maturity (ASM), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and services per conception (SPC).Parity number significantly (p ˂ 0.05) affects daily milk yield (DMY), lactation milk yield (LMY) and age at sexual maturity (ASM) and not significantly (p > 0.05) affects lactation length (LL), end tri-mister lactation milk yield (ETLMY), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI) and services per conception (SPC).Improving production system, management factors as well as reproductive efficiency is required for optimal reproduction and lactation performance for Butana and Erashy cattle ecotype under their production conditions. From the estimates of variables, productive and reproductive traits have a good potential for selection in this study.
Phenotypic Characterization of Sudanese Watish Desert Sheep Ewes in the Blue Nile State, Sudan
This study was conducted to generate baseline information on the phenotypic characteristics of Watish sheep breed and their production system which is a prerequisite step toward future conservation and improvements. One hundred and twenty sheep owners were selected on population density from six villages and interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire. Linear body measurements were taken, the data was classified according to age and sex then analyzed as a completely randomized setup using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that 83%, 11.9% and 4.8 % of the owners were full time livestock keepers, farmers and traders respectively. Sheep ranked top as most preferred species by owners (96.56%), goats came second (3%), cattle third (0.44%). The owner’s decision of selling animals was based on weight (91.7%), emergencies (5.6%) and age (2.8%), The most common disease problem was small ruminants plague (74%). The main constraints to sheep production activities according to respondents were availability of feed (42.9%), water (22.2%), diseases (31.7%), workers (1.6%), and security (1. 6%). The owners depended on natural range and agricultural by products as feed supplement during the dry season. Water was obtained from earth dug reservoirs (Hafirs) during the rainy season and from water yards during the dry season. Most sampled owners (94.3%) did not cross breed their Watish with another sheep breed while 5.7% said they did so. Most ewes dropped single lambs (87.9%) and 12.1% produced twins. The overall means of height at withers, body length, heart girth, tail length and neck length were 76.8cm, 68.9cm, 87.5cm, 73.2cm and 1.5cm respectively. The effect of parity was highly significant (P≤ 0.05) on heart girth while other traits were not significantly affected. The birth type significantly (P≤ 0.05) affected all traits except tail length. The study concluded that Watish has the potential to serve as a dam breed in a crossbreeding system with one of the large desert sheep breeds.
Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil Combined with Coconut Milk on the Quality of Chilled and Frozen-Thawed Bull Semen
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) combined with coconut milk (CM) on chilled and frozen–thawed quality parameters of bull sperm. Twenty four semen samples were collected from four bulls. Samples were diluted in Tris extender containing 0% (control only 3% CM) in Tris-base extender), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% VCO mixed with 3% CM and 20% egg yolk (group B). Extended samples were divided into two fractions, one was chilled at 4°C for 24, 72 and 144 hours and the second fraction packed into 0.25 ml straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen for 7 and 14 days. Subsequently, chilled samples and the straws were thawed and evaluated for sperm motility by Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer (CASA), viability, acrosome integrity, morphology (eosin-nigrosin) and membrane integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test). Higher (p < 0.05) percentage of sperm parameters was observed in the positive control group in chilled semen, followed by 8% VCO compared to the other concentrations of the VCO. There was no significant difference in morphology between positive control and all other treatment groups in chilled or frozen-thawed semen. The positive control group was higher in all sperm parameters measured when compared with treated groups in frozen-thawed semen. In conclusion the results showed that the mixture of VCO with coconut milk applied in this study could not maintain the function of bull sperm after chilled and frozen-thawed better than the positive control.
Microbial Load of Mish during Storage Period at Retailers’ Shops in Khartoum State, Sudan
Mish is traditional fermented milk that might be consumed alone or with the meals. Currently mish is produced by different dairy companies and stored in groceries for a period of 21 days (shelf life) in a condition, which might affect its microbiological load. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of storage period on the microbiological load of mish collected from three different dairy companies (C1, C2 and C3). Ten samples of mish were collected from each company during day 2 and day 20 randomly from groceries for microbiological evaluation (total viable bacteria, coliform and yeast and mold counts). The microbiological analysis results showed that log total viable bacterial count (6.120) and coliform count (5.872) revealed non-significant (P>0.05) differences between those companies. The total viable bacteria and coliform showed log 6.090 and log 5.858 for mish samples collected during day 2 respectively, while the respective values were log 6.149 and 5.886 for mish samples during day 20. Yeast and mold counts showed highly significant differences (P<0.001) between mish producing companies, which recorded a mean of log 5.326. Also it increased from day 2 (log 5.034) to day 20 (log 5.619) during the storage periods. This study remarked that there were variations between and within mish producing companies in their microbial properties. This might be related to the variations of raw materials, the processing methods and the storage conditions in retailers. Hence this study recommended consumption of fresh mish, in addition the methods of its preservation should be considered
Evaluation of the potential of freeze dried ram testes on masculinization and growth performance of Nirwana fish (Oreochromis niloticus)
This study aimed to evaluate the potentiality of freeze–dried ram testes (FDRT) on growth performance and masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 1296 fry (1 day old) were randomly allocated to 27 experimental aquaria. The metabolizable energy concentration (ME) and crude protein percentage (CP) of the diet were 20.08 MJ/Kg and 45%, respectively. The experimental treatments were freeze-dried ram testes (FDRT) at different concentration levels of hormone 30, 60 and 90 ng/ml. Diets were randomly distributed among the experimental treatment aquaria using completely randomized design. The fry fed three times per day at a fixed rate of 20% body weight. Water parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and ammonia) were measured and recorded every week. The result of water parameters was within the recommended range for fish rearing. The total body weight was measured and recorded every week. The fry fed with freeze-dried ram testes 90ng/ml obtained the highest growth rate with mean 0.022 followed by fry fed with 60, 30 ng/ml and control group, with means 0. 020, 0, 019 and 0.016, respectively. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) among the different treatments. Results revealed that Nile tilapia fry fed with 90ng /ml FDRT gave the highest percentage of a male population with mean 75.55 ± 2,22%, followed by fry fed 60, 30ng/ml FDRT and control group; with means 71.11 ± 5.87, 60.00 ± 3.85and 55±5.87%, respectively.
Effect of Different Management Patterns on Sheep under Range Conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan: 1 Ewes Reproductive Performances and Lamb Growth
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of modifying the traditional grazing practices on desert ewes reproductive performance and lamb growth in North Kordofan State, Sudan. Eighty ewes were divided into four groups with similar weight and age, and assigned randomly to four differed in management patterns. The groups were: GDW5 group (control) managed to emulate the traditional local practice; where the animals were grazed in morning and evening periods, kept under trees’ shade at noon and watered every 5 days. GNW3 group, animals were grazed in the nighttime kept under shade in the daytime and had watered every 3 days. GNW1 group, animals were grazed in the nighttime, kept under shade in the daytime and water access every 1 day. (GNW1+S) group, animals were grazed in the nighttime; kept under shade in the daytime, watered every day, and supplemented with concentrated. During the breeding season, all ewes were allowed to mate with rams. Lambs born were weaned after 4 months. Then raised for 2 months, during which lambs of each group was managed similar to their dams. The results showed that pregnancy and lambing rates were 85% in GDW5 group (traditional management), increased significantly to 95% in GNW3 group, and to 100% in GNW1 and GNW1+S groups. The litter size also increased from 1.0 in GDW5 group to 1.10, 1.05 and 1.45 for GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S groups, respectively with significant differences among the different groups. Lamb loss percentage was 25% in GDW5 group and decreased significantly to 5% in GNW3 and GNW1 groups, and to 0 % in GNW1+S group. Birth, weaning, and final weights were significantly affected by management pattern. GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S groups had 30.5%, 39.1%, and 73.9%, respectively heavier birth weight than the control group. The weaning weight increased by 28.9%, 34.4%, and 43.6 % in GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S respectively, compared to that of the control group. Whereas, the increment in final weight was 21.1%, 25.7%, and 30.0% for GNW3, GNW1 and GNW1+S respectively, compared to control group. In conclusion, sheep night grazing with water access within short intervals improved reproductive performance, decreased lamb’s mortality rate and increased birth and weaning weights. Night grazing and daily watering sheep plus supplementation had dramatically effects in increasing in the number of litter size, birth and weaning weights and reduced mortality rate. Lambs after weaning can maintain good growth performance without supplementation when a high-quality pasture was available.
Application of Conventional Reverse Transcription (RT) Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for Detection of African Horse Sickness Virus Serogroup
A conventional reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of African Horse sickness virus serogroup in cell culture was developed and evaluated. The sensitivity of the assay indicated that the RT-PCR produced a 240- base pair (bp) PCR product from all 9 serotypes of AHSV propagated in cell cultures. The specificity of the assay indicated that the PCR products were not amplified when the RT-PCR was applied to RNA from other related orbiviruses including Blue tongue virus (BTV) serotype 1, 2, and 4; Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 1 and 2; Sudanese isolates of palyam viruses and total nucleic acid extracts from uninfected Vero cell control. The African horse sickness virus RT-PCR assay should be used as a rapid method for detection of AHSV RNA in cell culture. In addition, the assay could be optimized for rapid detection of AHSV in clinical samples during an epizootic of the disease among susceptible equines
Bacterial Contamination of Sheep Carcasses in El-Kadroo Slaughterhouse in Khartoum State, Sudan
This study aimed to determine bacterial contamination on sheep carcasses at El-Kadroo slaughterhouse in Khartoum State, Sudan. The study was conducted during the period from January to April 2016. Ninety swab samples were collected from three sites of sheep carcass including shoulder, flank and rump (30 samples from each site) after the last washing. The total viable count (TVC) was used to assess bacterial contamination. Isolation and identification of the bacteria performed by using standard bacteriological and biochemical methods. Samples taken from the three parts had the highest TVC of 4.93x108 cfu⁄cm2 for flanks, 2.1x108 cfu⁄cm2 for shoulder and 6.3x107 cfu⁄cm2 for rump respectively (P<0.021). Bacteria isolated from the samples were Staphylococcus spp.79 (37.7%), Bacillus spp. 56 (26.7%), Corynebacterium spp. 26 (12.4%), Klebsiella and Kurthia 7(3.3%), while Actinobacillus, Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Aerococcus spp., Nocardia spp., Eschericia, Nocardia and Pseudomonas spp. with isolation rate of 1to 6 (0.5 -2.9%) of which some may be pathogenic and of public health concern. Variations in TCV and various type of bacteria were observed at different sites of the sheep carcasses is an indication of low standards of handling practices from pre-slaughter to post–slaughter, abattoir facilities, and equipments
Characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from Sudan by Multiplex PCR
A multiplex PCR(mPCR) was used to examine isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from cases of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats in South Darfur State, Western Sudan. Using primers targeting the 16S rRNA, pld and rpoBgenes, electrophoresis of the DNA of the isolates showed homogeneity of these targeted genes. The mPCR could be used for rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease in sheep and goats which may help in its control.
Quality of bovine preimplanted somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos compared to in vitro fertilized embryos
Abstract The in vitro preimplantation developmental potential and the quality of blastocysts produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) were examined compared to in vitro fertilized embryos (IVF). SCNT embryos were reconstituted from small and medium size donor cumulus cells synchronized at the G0-G1 cell stage by serum starvation and electrically fused to metaphase II arrested enucleated oocytes. The cell cycle phase of the donor cells was confirmed at the G0-G1 by flow cytometric analysis. In vitro fertilized embryos were produced by incubating the mature cumulus oocyte complexes with motile spermatozoa for 18 h at 39°C under a humidified air with 5% CO2. Presumptive zygotes were cultured to the blastocyst stage in modified synthetic oviduct fluid medium. The cleavage rate and the development to blastocyst were the same for both types of embryo. SCNT blastocysts were morphologically similar to the IVF ones without significant difference in their cell number.
Effect of Injection of Calcium Gluconate Solution on Fertility Traits of Postpartum Cross-Bred Dairy Cows in Khartoum, Sudan
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous injection of a solution contains calcium gluconate, magnesium hypophosphite and glucose into cross-bred dairy cows during the early postpartum period (PPP) on the rates of the first service non-return (FSN) and repeat breeding (RB). A total of 150 cows were selected randomly and divided into treated cows (no. = 90); these were the cows that were subcutaneously injected with 100 ml of the solution, and untreated cows (no = 60); these were the control cows that were not injected with the solution. Based on the number of parities, treated and untreated cows were further subdivided into primiparous and multiparous cows to compose four experimental sub-groups: treated primiparous (no. = 15 cows), treated multiparous (no. = 75), untreated primiparous (no. = 10 cows) and untreated multiparous (no. = 50 cows). The duration of postpartum period (PPP), the days open (DO), the number of services per conception (NSP), the rates of the FSN and RB were determined for each sub-group. The results revealed significantly (P <0.0001) shorter PPP, DO and NSC, in treated multiparous and untreated primiparous cows compared to cows in the two other sub-groups. The rate of the FSN was higher (70.0%) in untreated primiparous cows and treated multiparous cows (64.0%) than the rates (16.0%) of this trait in untreated multiparous cows and treated primiparous cows (6.6%). The rates of RB were lower (0.0%) in untreated primiparous cows and treated multiparous cows (13.3%) than the rates in treated primiparopus cows (40.0%) and untreated multiparous cows (42.0%). The study concluded that subcutaneous injection of 100 ml of a solution contains calcium gluconate, magnesium hypophosphite and glucose during the early postpartum period could elevate the rate of the FSN and alleviate the rate of RB in multiparous cross-bred dairy cows, however; this treatment protocol had worsened the reproductive performance of primiparous cows. Further studies to measure the blood levels of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, glucose and other blood constituents related to fertility after postpartum subcutaneous injection of a solution contains calcium gluconate, magnesium hypophosphite and glucose are recommended
Pathology of Clostridial Enterotoxaemia associated with Pulpy Kidneys in Hamari Lambs in Khartoum: Case Report
To the best knowledge of the author, this report describes for the first time the pathology of enterotoxaemia occurred due to clostridium perfringens in Sudanese Sheep. Three animals out of 20 fattening Hamari (desert eco-type) lambs showed diarrhea and weakness. Two lambs died and subsequently submitted for necropsy. Diagnosis was confirmed by presence of the typical short bacilli with round ends bacteria in mucosa of spiral colon. Both lambs showed signs of toxemia, where petechiae were noticed in endocardium, pericardium, mucosa of spiral colon and duodenum. Considering the time from death till necropsy, kidneys in both animals were remarkably soft and fragile (pulpy) which is a sign of rapid autolysis due to clostridial toxins. Encephalomalacia and remarkable infiltration of oligodendroglia were evident in 1 lamb, while cerebral edema was prominent in the other lamb. In conclusion, diagnosis was established relying on symptoms and lesions; Hemorrhagic inflammation of the duodenum and spiral colon, pulpy kidneys, encephalomalacia and presence of rod-shaped bacilli with round ends clostridium perfringens in colon.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production
Analysis of the Production Performance of Holstein-Friesian Cattle in Sudan
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on productive traits in Holstein-Friesian cattle at Dairy Land Farm in Khartoum state (Sudan). The data set used covered the period of eighteen years (1984-2002). It comprised 47 sires and 720 cows with 2400 records extending from first to fifth lactation. The data were statistically analyzed using Harvey’s least- squares computer program (1990). The least squares mean of lactation milk yield (LMY), daily milk yield (DMY), lifetime production (LTP), dry period (DP) and lactation length(LL) were 3055 kg, 11 kg, 8069 kg, 130 days and 290 days, respectively. The sires had a highly significant (P< 0.001) effect on LMY, LTP (P< 0.01) and LL (P< 0.05). Year of birth had a significant (P< 0.05) influence on LTP. The calving year-season and parity had a highly significant (P< 0.001) effect on LMY, DMY, LL and DP (P< 0.01, P< 0.05, respectively). The linear regression on lactation length had a highly significant (P< 0.001) effect on LMY and DP. In addition, the linear regression on dry period and milk yield had a highly significant (P< 0.001) effect on LL. The heritability of studied productive traits were low, this is probably a result of the artificial selection of the herds under study. The genetic correlations were 0.27± 0.35 between DP and LTP, 0.87± 0.16 between LMY and LL and -0.20± 0.42between LMY and DP while phenotypic correlations between the same traits were 0.28, 0.61and 0.02, respectively and the environmental correlations were 0.28, 0.58and 0.05, respectively). The study concluded that the performance of pure Holstein-Friesians was well below their performance in temperate regions, which probably reflects differences in the environment and levels of management. Taking into account the higher cost of management crossbreeding rather than pure breeding may be a more viable option.
Qualitative Analysis of Modern Marketing Strategies of Private Small Scale Ice Cream Shops in Khartoum State - Sudan
This study aimed to study marketing strategies adopted by small scale private Ice-cream shops in Khartoum Sudan. The study was based on primary data collection using a scientifically structured questionnaire that targeted senior managers in Ice cream investments. A stratified sampling was performed where all shops that met the criteria of stratification were put under study. The sample included 30 shops located in different geographical areas in Khartoum. Collected data was analyzed using the SPSS program to obtain the frequency of distributions, and Chi- square values. Main results obtained showed that most of the shops 83.3% possessed a logo that resembled their brand; 91.7% of Ice-cream shops’ managers stated that they innovated in their product; 66.7% set their price in accordance to the current market prevailing price; 58.3% used social media for promotion and 41.7% considered Facebook as the most important social platform. The study was concluded with recommendations that address current and future aspects in the relevant field where the use ofplanned product innovation and digital marketing could be the key factors for business success and sustainability.
Quality and rehydration properties of dry camel meat as affected by coating level of Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) powder and drying period
This study aimed to evaluate effect of Gum Arabic powder level (GAL) as a bio-edible coating and drying periods on quality and rehydration properties of dry camel meat. Camel meat was trimmed of fat, prepared into thin strips of 1x1x10 cm, and divided into three equal groups. The groups were GAL0%, GAL5% and GAL10% coated with 0% (control), 5% or 10%Gum Arabic powder. Each group was divided into 3 sub-groups and subjected to three drying periods (DP) 0 hours (fresh), 48 or 96 hours. After drying to the specified period, water activity, pH, peroxide value, total bacterial count (cfu/g), rehydration capacity and sensory evaluations were determined for each treatment. The results revealed a significant interaction between the GAL and the DP in the water activity, total bacterial count (cfu/g) and odor scores. Increasing both GAL and DP resulted in a significant increase in the odor scores and significant decrease in water activity and total bacterial count (cfu/g). Increasing the GAL resulted in a significant increase in sensory scores, pH, peroxide value, and total bacterial count. The GAL10% dried for 96hrs had the highest odor scores (4.8). The rehydration percentage in boiled water (100⁰C) was significantly lower than that in tab water. The rehydration of dry meat inform of powder was about 3 times higher than that of strip form in all treatments. It can be concluded that the Gum Arabic powder as natural edible coating for dehydrated camel meat improved its appearance, odor and color. Water temperature and physical from of dried meat (strip or powder) can affect the rehydration ability of dried camel meat
Nutritive Value and Rumen Degradation of Stover of Two Sorghum Varieties in Camels
The new ruminant protein systems require information on feeds degradation characteristics. Currently in Sudan the information on rumen degradation of Sorghum Stover parts in camels is not available. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the rumen degradation and degradation characteristics of Stover of two Sorghum varieties namely; Wad Aakar and Feterita in order to improve camel’s nutrition and production. The two Sorghum stover varieties Wad Aakar and Feterita stalks were divided into upper (U), middle (M) and lower (L) parts. The proximate analysis of the parts was determined. Three rumen fistulated camels were used to study the rumen degradation. The animals were fed Medicago sativa (Barseem) ad libitum and 2kg concentrate ration daily. Artificial fibre bags (18x14cm) were incubated in the rumen for different times and degradation characteristics were calculated. The effective degradability at different rates of outflow from the rumen of two Sorghum stover parts was calculated. Results showed that Sorghum stover varieties varied in proximate analysis and degradation characteristics of different parts. However, in the two Sorghum varieties the upper part had the highest CP and ash while the lower part had the highest CF, EE and OM. The least EE was shown in the middle part of the both Sorghum stover. In all plant parts, the highest potential degradability was observed in CP, while the least was shown in OM compared to other contents. The effective degradability varied in different parts of Sorghum Feterita and Wad Akar stovers and decreased with increasing rates of outflow from the rumen. It is concluded that camels have high fibres rumen degradation, therefore, we recommend the use of crop residues for camels feeding.
Assessment of Production and Marketing of Camel Milk in Khartoum State
This study aimed to investigate the economics of production and marketing of camel milk in Khartoum State, Sudan focusing on factors affecting the production and marketing of camel milk. Primary data were collected by means of a questionnaire using a stratified random sample of 30 herdsmen, 30 marketing centers and 30 consumers, selected from Khartoum State. The secondary data were collected from different related sources of information. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and budgetary analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis result revealed that the socioeconomic characteristics of the herdsmen were more or less homogenous as about 84% of the herdsman shared the same socioeconomic characteristics. The results showed that the cost of feeding constitutes the highest proportion of the total cost of milk production. Also, the results indicated that the most important factors affecting the marketing of camel milk were high milk prices (43.3% of the sample of milk consumers), remote camel milk marketing centers from consumers (40% of the sample) and low camel milk production (16.7% of the sample). Budget analysis results showed that the average total variable cost of production for camel milk was found to be about SDG 1.090 per pound. The breakeven shows that the percentage of income before taxes equals SDG 5.000 (28.1%) of total sales. The taxes percentage is calculated at 1.8%. Hence the net income percentage is 26.4%, which equals SDG 4.910. The result revealed that the business was profitable at camel milk producers’ level in Khartoum State. The quantity of milk that should be produced to recover the cost for each she camel is calculated according to the same formula is 1.09 pounds. The study recommended availing extension services and feed concentrate rations for camel milk producers, increasing the number and locations of camel milk selling centers and increasing the awareness of the consumers on the medicinal and nutritional values of camel milk.
Hsp90α and hsf -1 is involved in cell damages and apoptosis after heat stress in primary myocardial cells of neonatal rat
This study investigated the effect of heat stress on myocardial cell expression levels of apoptosis signal transduction molecules in myocardial cells of neonatal rat by detecting the expressions of hsp90α mRNA and Hsp90α protein and Hsf- in response to heat stress in vitro. After incubated at 37℃ for 72 h in humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air, the primary myocardial cells were suddenly heat stressed for 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 8 h respectively in another incubator with 95% air and 5% CO2 at 42℃. The results of flow cytometry showed that apoptotic levels at 40 min and 8 h of heat stress were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.01 and P<0.05) respectively, indicating that the myocardial cells started some kind of self-protection mechanisms to adapt to changes in the environment. At 40 min heat stress, hsp90α show significant decrease and the level of hsf-1 was similar to that of hsp90α protein however, the transcription level of hsp90α mRNA increased significantly. These results indicate that apoptosis inhibit hsp90α by down regulating hsf-1
Effect of Potassium Chloride and Sodium Bicarbonate in drinking water on heat stressed Broiler performance and blood profile
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding Potassium Chloride and Sodium Bicarbonate in drinking water on growth performance and blood haematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chicks reared during summer (April-May).experiment consisted of four treatments (T): treatment A (ontrol)water with no salt supplement, treatment B water was supplemented with 0.7% Potassium Chloride, (T) C 0.7% Sodium bicarbonate was added,(T)D combination of 0.7% KCl and 0.7% NaHCO3was added. A total of 96 one-day unsexed broiler chicks (ROSS) were used. Birds were allocated into 4×3×8 completely randomized design. Feed intake, live body weight, weight gain and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Blood haematological parameters (packed cell volume PCV, Red blood cells and white blood cells) and biochemical parameters (total protein, phosphorus, potassium and sodium) were measured. The results showed numerical increase (p0>.05) in weight gain and live body weight and carcass weight when a combination of KCl and NaHco3 was supplemented in drinking water. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected (p>0.05) by the different treatments. Water consumption was increased (p< 0.05) when electrolytes were added. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) observed in (Total white blood cells, heterophils, Neutrophil, Basophill). However, Lymphocyte decreased significantly (p<0.0) by adding sodium bicarbonate. Monocytes were increased (p< 0.05) by adding mixture of potassium chloride with sodium bicarbonate. PCV was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by supplementing mixture of the KCl and NaHCO3. The red blood cell decreased significantly (p< 0.05) by adding electrolytes. Total protein, potassium and sodium level were not significantly (p≥0.05) affected by electrolytes. It is concluded that the use of sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride and their mixture during heat stress had no significant effect on parameters measured.
Assessment of meat microbial contamination inAlkadro slaughterhouse, Khartoum State,Sudan
This study was conducted to evaluate the bacterial contamination of meat in Alkadro slaughterhouse. One hundred and twenty swab samples were taken from different stages in carcasses line, as well as inspection of knives, hocks, tables, worker hands and air. The samples were subjected to viable bacterial count and the meat was tested for the pH values. Causes of condemnation of organs were also recorded. The percentages of causes of condemnations from the total number of condemned organs: in beef, were fasciola spp in livers were (46.03%), aspiration pneumonia in lunges (3%) and abscess in head (7.5%). In mutton, abscess in livers were (64.4%), hydatid cysts in livers (2.9%), pneumonia in (9.7%), Hearts due to the adhesions of pericardium (2.9%) and abscess (0.4%). For viable bacterial count, air samples showed a maximum level in evisceration site (80.8 CFU/plate), inspection site (63.25 CFU/plate), skinning site (51.80 CFU/plate) and in washing site (40.40 CFU/plate). Tables, workers’ hands, knives, hooks and carcasses, showed that the maximum level counts in hooks (4.8×103 CFU/cm2) and the minimum level count were in hands (2.7×103CFU/cm2). Carcasses after skinning showed the minimum level count 1.34 ×102 CFU/cm2. pH of meat ranged between (5.7 – 6.4). This study revealed that there is high level of contamination in slaughterhouse. Hence to reduce of meat contamination should be start with the implementation of good hygienic practices and good manufacturing practices and implementing HACCP system. In addition to health education and training are needed to raise the awareness for meat handlers in the slaughterhouses.
Assessment of Clinical Indices of Total Intravenous Anaesthesia Induced and Maintained Using Romifidine/Ketamine Combinations in Donkeys
The assessment of clinical indices following induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using two different combinations of Romifidine/Ketamine was done in donkeys. Six donkeys, 3-5 years of age with average body weight of 90±15 kg, were used in the study. Each animal was anaesthetized with one of two different protocols with two weeks’ interval between each successive injection as washing out period. In the first protocol, donkeys were premedicated with 100mg/kg Romifidine (IV) and then after 10 minutes donkeys were injected with 4mg/kg ketamine intravenously for induction of anaesthesia (RK). In the second protocol, animals were treated as above and then anaesthesia was maintained immediately by intravenous infusion with ketamine 6mg/kg and romifidine100mg/kg in saline drip (RKI). Clinical indices: respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were monitored before, during and following induction of anaesthesia. Some blood biochemical parameters: urea, glucose, alanine trasaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were measured before and during anaesthesia. Results obtained show that respiratory rate and rectal temperature were affected significantly (p≤0.05) as a result of using each of the two protocols. Heart rate was found to be non-significantly affected. Blood urea levels were also found to be affected significantly as a result of using the two different protocols. Glucose level, and AST and ALT activity were found to exhibit no-significant change following anaesthesia with RK or RKI. It could be concluded that the two protocols under test could be used safely in veterinary anaesthesia, although the increase in the urea level could limit the frequent or repeated usage of the two protocols on the same animal.
Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Methicillin–Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Animal Products in Khartoum State, Sudan
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animal products to contribute in establishing epidemiological data on antimicrobial resistance in the Sudan. Samples (N = 616) of animal products (milk, cheese, chicken and retail meat) were collected from different sources in Khartoum State and subjected to bacteriological and molecular biology techniques for isolation and characterization of S. aureus. S. aureus was isolated from 62 (10.1%) of the samples with frequencies of 32.7%, 23.3%, 21.5% 7.2% and 4.75% from cheese, chicken meat, retail meat, camel milk and cattle milk, respectively. Methicillin resistance was detected phenotypically among all (100%) cattle milk, 78.6% of retail meat, 71.4% of chicken meat, 50% of camel milk and 23.5% of cheese S. aureus isolates. The methicillin resistance gene (mecA) was detected in 3 isolates with one being positive for mecA analogue (mecC) as well. mecA gene detected in these isolates belonged to none of S. aureus SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec) known types. Panton-Valentine Leuckocidin (PVL), haemolysin (hlg) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) genes were detected as 12.9%, 9.7% and 0.0%, respectively, in all S. aureus isolates. High prevalence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates from animal products, especially from cattle milk indicates widespread of antimicrobial resistance and necessitates adoption of good animal production hygiene practices. The genes responsible for methicillin resistance among phenotypically MRSA but mecA/mecC-negative strains are yet to be identified.
Effect of Fasting on Rumen Ecology in Feed Restricted Male Nubian Goat Kids
This study was designed to investigate the effect of fasting for 4 days on rumen ecology of Nubian goats after two levels of feed restriction (30% and 60% of ad libitum) for 6 weeks. Twelve male Nubian goat kids were divided into three groups according to the level of feed restriction; A (control; ad libitum feed consumption), B (30% feed restriction of ad libitum) and C (60% feed restriction of ad libitum) for 6 weeks. Thereafter, they were exposed to fasting (100% feed restriction) for 4 days. During fasting phase, the three groups showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in rumen sort-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and osmolality. They exhibited no significant reduction in rumen protozoa count, rumen pH and rumen calcium concentration in response to complete fasting. The concentration of rumen magnesium was not significantly affected by fasting in all the experimental groups. The concentrations of rumen Na+ and K+ were not significantly affected by fasting in group B, while, Group C showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in rumen sodium concentration and a significant decrease in rumen potassium concentration in response to fasting. No serious problems have been observed in the rumen milieu during starvation for 4 days
EFFECT OF MATURITY ON NUTRITIVE VALUE OF NATURAL PASTURE IN BUTANA, EASTERN SUDAN
Seventeen pasture grasses and forbs from Butana (eastern Sudan) during early (July 2007), and late (September 2007) season of rainfall, were evaluated in terms of chemical composition, mineral contents and in vitro gas production parameters. DM and CF contents were increased with maturity in both lower and upper limits of the range for the pasture grasses and forbs. In contrast, CP contents for both grasses and forbs species decreased with maturity. Forbs were ranked higher compared to grasses in respect of CP contents, while the opposite was occurred in terms of CF contents. According to CP contents at early stage the pasture, forbs and grasses species were ranked as follow: I.oblogfolia>C.olitorus>I.kordofana>R.patulla>A.viridis>P.bicolyata>B.erecta>T.terrestris>S.acromelaena>C.biflorus=C.rotundus> T.portulacastrum> D.muricata> D.annulatum> C.kotschyi> R.exltat> E.colonum. CP values were ranged from 8.77% to 23.15% at early stage, these values were ranged from very good to fair enough for animal feeding which may not need supplements, and from 4.94% to 20.28% at late stage from fair to poor which may need a protein supplement. Forbs accumulate more elements particularly Ca and Cu than grasses. All estimated elements are sufficient for animal requirement either in late or through out the season except Cu element. In most of pasture species the potential gas production decreased with maturity due to increase in structural carbohydrate particularly ADF. Accordingly, Butana pasture could be classified as good in term of CP content and elements (macro and micro) while it may need CP supplements at late season especially if grasses become dominant.
CLINICO - PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SHEEP EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM (UM BIAGA -ISOLATE)
An experimental infection of sheep with Um Biaga isolate of Ehrlichia ruminantium was made to determine the pathogenisity of the isolate, using in-vitro isolate from Amblyomma. lepidum adults ticks collected from cattle at Um Biaga village (Sennar, State) by inoculating homogenate in adult Nubian goats in January 2003. Seven Desert sheep of Dubassi eco-type purchased from Shendi town known to be a heartwater free area were assigned into two groups. Group I composed of three animals served as uninfected control. Group II composed of four animals that were inoculated intravenously with 5 ml of infected blood from the Nubian goats. The clinical signs and postmortem findings of the infected group were typical of heartwater. The main pathological findings observed were hydropericardium, hydrothorax, lung congestion and oedema of lymph nodes and brain. The histopathological findings showed intensive leukocyte stasis and severe perivascular infiltration in the lung, lymph nodes, myocardium and brain. The convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of kidneys were dilated and Bowman,s spaces were widened. The mean haematological values from the infected sheep indicated that a decrease in PCV, RBCs count and Hb content coincided with fever while a slight increase in WBCs count was observed. Alterations in plasma biochemical parameters were not significant in most of the infected group.
SEROSURVEILLANCE OF EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM ANTIBODIES OF SHEEP USING MAP1-B ELISA IN SENNAR STATE, SUDAN
A total of 300 serum samples were collected from adults sheep in Sennar State at five localities namely Sennar, Singa, Dinder, Um Banein and Abu Naama from two farms in each location three times a year, during September 2002 (autumn), January 2003 (winter) and May 2003 (summer). Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to determine the sero-prevalence of Ehrlichia ruminantium. The test was performed with recombinant major antigenic protein 1 (MAP1-B). Out of 300 sheep sera tested, 230 (76.6%) were found positive for E. ruminantium antibodies. According to locations, sero- prevalence ranged between 85.1% at Um Banein and 63.3% in Sennar. The E. ruminantium antibodies persisted throughout the year in each location, and seasonality prevalence of the disease showed an increase in sero-prevalence during autumn (80 %) and winter (82 %) while a slight reduction was observed in summer (68 %) but statistically not significant (P < 0.05).
SCREENING FOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANTS USED IN FOLKLORIC MEDICINE IN THE SUDAN
The present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol, water and petroleum ether extracts of four plants used in Sudanese folkloric medicine. The plants tested were Acacia nilotica fruits, Psidum guajava leaves, Lawsonia inermis leaves and Capparis decidua shoot. The plant extracts were tested at four concentrations, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, and their antimicrobial activity was assessed using the cup-plate agar diffusion method against five bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiela pneumoniae) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). Activity of the plant extracts was compared with that of known antibacterial and antifungal agents. Acasia nilotica extracts showed the highest activity against both bacteria and fungi, followed by those of P. guajava. Ethanolic extract of the four plant species was the most active extract type against all organisms tested, followed by aqueous extract. B. subtilis was the most susceptible bacterium followed by S. aureus and then E. coli. Of the two fungal species, C. albicans was much more susceptible than A. niger, which showed susceptibility only to ethanolic and aqueous extracts of A. nilotica. The activity of extracts is generally increased with their concentrations. Antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was found, in most cases, superior to that of some known antibacterial agents, while their antifungal activity was inferior to that of some antifungal agents. This study showed that ethanolic extract of Acasia nilotica (fruits) is an excellent candidate to be considered for further studies as source of both antibacterial and antifungal agents.
CHARACTERIZATION OF UREA TRANSPORT MECHANISM ACROSS THE OMASUM EPITHELIUM IN SHEEP
The transport of urea has been studied in a variety of epithelial tissues including the rumen, where carrier-mediated transport mechanisms have been reported. No such information concerning the transport of urea in the omasum is known. We have therefore carried out this study to characterize the transport mechanism of urea across the isolated omasum epithelium in sheep. This study was conducted under short circuit condition using conventional Ussing-chamber technique on 42 pieces of omasal epithelial tissues isolated from 5 sheep. Tissues bathing buffer solutions contained a mixture of antibiotics and the urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD). Our results show significant correlation (r2 = 0.85) between the transepithelial conductance ( Gt ) and the serosal to mucosal urea flux rates ( sm J ). Moreover, mucosal application of the actin cytoskeleton inhibitor cytochalasin D (10µM) significantly (p<0.05) increased both the tissue conductance ( Gt ) and the serosal to mucosal ( sm J ) flux rates of urea. However, reducing the mucosal pH from 7.4 to 6.4 did not induce a significant effect on the bidirectional urea flux rates across the omasum epithelium. The results indicate that transport of urea across the omasum epithelium involves a passive paracellular pathway mechanism. Key words: Sheep; Omasum; Urea; Cytochalasin D